Gambling involves risking something of value – money, goods, services or even status – on an event that is mostly determined by chance. It can take many forms – betting on the outcome of a football match, for example, or playing a scratchcard. The result is a win if the gambler’s prediction is correct, or a loss if they are wrong. Some gambling activities are more obvious than others, such as placing a bet on the winner of a horse race or sports competition, but even activities that seem less risky, such as buying a lottery ticket or playing bingo, can be considered to be gambling.
Although some people have a natural propensity to gamble, for others the behaviour becomes problematic. The problem with gambling is that it often leads to addiction and other psychological problems, including depression, anxiety and stress. The consequences of gambling can be serious and affect family, friends and work. In addition, the habit can lead to debt and other financial difficulties.
People who have a gambling problem may try to minimise their activity or deny that they are causing harm. Depending on the situation, this can involve hiding evidence of gambling and lying to family and friends about how much they’re spending. This is a sign of an addiction, and the most effective way to address the problem is to seek professional help.
In the past, psychiatry has generally regarded pathological gambling as a form of compulsive behaviour rather than an impulse control disorder. But, in a move that has been described as a landmark decision, the American Psychiatric Association has moved it into the chapter on addictions in its latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
The DSM-5 defines pathological gambling as an impulse control disorder characterised by an uncontrollable urge to gamble despite negative consequences. The disorder is triggered by a pre-frontal cortex abnormality that leads to increased levels of dopamine in the brain, which is linked to feelings of pleasure and reward.
For those who suffer from this condition, the urge to gamble is driven by the rewards that come from random reinforcement – a feeling of elation when they have a win and dread when they might lose. They can also develop a false sense of security in their gambling, as they think that the money they have won will always be there and that they can overcome any losses they make.
There are many reasons that people may gamble, including socialising with friends and colleagues or enjoying the thrill of putting their luck to the test. In addition, it can provide a distraction from stressful circumstances.
But, it’s important to understand that there are different types of gambling – both legal and illegal – and that they can have positive and negative societal impacts. From stimulating economic growth and providing entertainment to fostering cognitive skills and supporting public services, gambling can have a range of benefits, which is why it’s so important to gamble responsibly and to seek help if you feel that your gambling has become harmful.